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570
Muhammad is born in Mecca.
610
Muhammad receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.
622
Muhammad undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.
624
Battle of Badr: Muhammad's forces win, resulting in a turning point for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe.
625
Battle of Uhud: Quraysh tribe defeats the Muslims.
627
Battle of the Trench: Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina (then called Yathrib), but lose to the Muslim force.
627
Siege of Bani Qurayzah: Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold.
628
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A peace agreement is signed between Muhammad's Muslims and the people of Mecca.
628
Conquest of Khaybar oasis: Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis and are allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce.
629
First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina.
629
Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.
630
Non-violent conquest of Mecca: The Quraysh realize that the Muslims now greatly outnumber them and allow the Muslims to capture their city, Mecca, and rule it as they please.
630
Battle of Hunayn: Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin.
630
Attempted Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad's forces are initially unable to siege Ta'if and convert its people to Islam.
632
"Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage": This is the only Hajj pilgrimage in which Muhammad participates.
632
Muhammad dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.
632 - 634
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph (successor to Muhammad) of the Rashidun Caliphate.
634 - 644
Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr, becoming the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
637
Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out.
644 - 656
Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
c. 650
Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Quran while destroying the others.
651
656 - 661
Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
Mar 670
Hasan ibn Ali, Shia Islam's second imam (his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, being the first imam), is poisoned to death.
Oct 680
Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq.
750
750
754 - 775
Reign of Al-Mansur over the Abbasid Caliphate.
756
Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Cordoba.
756 - 788
Reign of Abd al-Rahman I over the Emirate of Cordoba.
777
Zaragoza invites Charlemagne into Spain.
783
The city of Zaragoza falls to forces from the Emirate of Cordoba.
784
Abd al-Rahman I begins construction on the Great Mosque of Cordoba.
788
Death of Abd al-Rahman I of the Emirate of Cordoba.
1031
Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.
1313 - 1341
Uzbeg rules the Golden Horde and makes Islam the state religion.
